Value of Social Skills in Montessori - 2595 Words

â€Å"The child in the Montessori school is not isolated, he is a microcosm of the Human Society, the ideal reality of this society lies in the Unity and Coherence, respect and love.† The Child, Society, and the World – Dr Maria Montessori In light of the above quote, discuss the value of the social skills in the Montessori school and give the example of experiences, which would help the child acquire understanding and respect for the others. Introduction â€Å"An isolated individual cannot develop his individuality. He must put himself in relationship with his environment and within the reach of the events and the life of his times.† http://www.montessori-namta.org/NAMTA/PDF%20files/Outcomes.pdf, Child’s Instinct to Work, Maria†¦show more content†¦Knowledge and development of social skills make a child understand the meaning of ‘self’. The child understands what it means to be a ‘person’ and have social responsibilities, such as greeting others on meeting. †¢ Develop the independence skills. Being able to walk confidently, eat food at the table, use the toilet, wear clothes, greet others, and ask for help etc helps in developing the sense of independence. This also helps in building self-confidence. †¢ Develop the trust in the people and the environment. When a child sees that a person is graceful and polite, the child finds it easy to trust that person. †¢ Ability to fit in the social environment is another benefit of learning social skills. With these skills, the child can adjust in any social environment. †¢ Self-discipline is one of the most important outcomes of learning social skills. Knowing that you need to behave only in a certain way in a certain condition helps in development of discipline in the child. For example, a child goes with his/her parents for dinner at somebody’s place. The child was taught by parents and in school that you should always ask for permission from the host before using the toilet or touching anything in the host’s house. This knowledge keeps the child disciplined. †¢ Acquire the knowledge of appropriate and specific social behaviours. The child understands the difference between right and wrong. The child also learns how to behave appropriatelyShow MoreRelatedHome And School Are Places Of Social Processes1363 Words   |  6 PagesBoth home and school are places of social processes. Montessori’s first school located in Rome included family housing in a residential building in Rome assisting a better learning environment against those who opposed. The Child’s House, it was named provided the family with comfort and assurance (Cooney,2011). Almost as if it was a at home daycare facility the parents had a peace of mind while they left for work knowing their children were well taken care of as well as getting an education, thatRead MoreNew Approach to Education System1742 Words   |  7 PagesWillard, and Maria Montessori all great teachers who did their work very well and they had a profound impact on the lives of innumerable people. In today’s world lots of students, teachers, and parents think that Montessori education system is much successful than traditional education system. Maria Montessori was a successful scientist and educator at the same time. She brought a new approach to education system by developing new methodology and founder of the method of Montessori. She is famous inRead MoreMontessori Education : Teaching And Teaching Process1084 Words   |  5 PagesMontessori education is a different approach to teach preschool age children; in this method the students are allowed to guide their own learning. 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Based on their families†¯social class†¯a child would either go workRead MoreThe Montessori Theory Of Education1674 Words   |  7 Pages The Montessori approach to education takes its name from Dr. Maria Montessori, an Italian physician and educator. The first Montessori school was s established January 6.1907 in the Casa dej Bambin in Rome. Dr. Maria Montessori did her study with young child, and gradually in countries such as Spain and India. Dr. Maria, basic principle behind the Montessori methods is that Children teach themselves she came to this conclusion after observing children from a variety of different of setting andRead More The benefits of preschool Essay1323 Words   |  6 Pageswere not. Considering one can not get too accomplished over many loud high-pitched cries, I was forced to be patient and suffer silently from boredom. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Preschool is a beneficial tool for children because they learn social skills and gain an appreciation at an early age for the education system. The prefix â€Å"pre-â€Å" means before or prior to. Preschool education refers to the education of children prior to the first grade of elementary school (Melton 181). By the time kindergartenRead MoreImportant Aspects Of A Functioning Classroom Essay1507 Words   |  7 Pages Maria Montessori, and Lev Vygotsky all understood the way children think and the importance of imaginative play. They also understood that children need to be active in nature. Also, we have discussed different forms of learning, such as project based learning, team teaching, and outdoor classrooms. In my opinion, the education system should have changes that benefit the students’ needs. They’re not getting the most out of their education. Children are active, curious, extremely social, literalRead MoreAnalysis Of Eriksons Theory On Early Childhood Education1212 Words   |  5 Pageslike the very idea of number, time, quantity, causality, just and so on emerged(McLeod, 2015). Maria Montessori The greatest sign of success for a teacher†¦is to be able to say, â€Å"The children are now working as if I do not exist. Maria Montessori Maria Montessori was an Italian physician, educator, and innovator, praised for her educational methods that shapes the way children learn. The Montessori Method is an approach to learning which emphasizes active learning, independence, cooperation, and learningRead MoreMontessori Schools Are The Best For Our Future Generations1544 Words   |  7 Pages Montessori Schools In today’s world, we can find hundreds of schools all around us, but we can’t figure out which one is best for our future generations. One of the most outstanding schools are the Montessori schools. According to the American Montessori Society the Montessori schools are based on the observation of the students, letting the students choose what they want to do, letting the students rely on themselves for almost everything, and the teachers are there to only help andRead MoreSensitive Periods1496 Words   |  6 Pagesabilities and skills. When children are in their sensitive periods and working with any activity, they will not show any signs of fatigue and will repeat the activity a number of times. These periods last for a certain amount of time; however the child may eventually lose interest and may move on to another activity. Development changes will not occur unless there is some kind of maturational process. It is essential to support the child’ s sensitive period through the environment Montessori explains

Hegemonic Masculinity Characters And Plot Of The Popular...

The characters and plot of the popular sitcom Two and a half men are an excellent representation of how the production of hegemonic masculinity and subordinate masculinity in the show reinforce the idea of hegemonic masculinity as the only real form of manliness accepted by society’s standards of an â€Å"ideal man.† Effeminate masculinity, a subordinate form of masculinity, is not represented in the show in a positive light rather, it is mocked. The characters that play these roles are Charlie, who plays the hyper masculine role, and Alan, who plays the effeminate masculinity role. Alan’s role is inferior compared to that of Charlie’s hyper masculine character and this is strongly evident in the clip â€Å"Charlie gives Alan some lessons.† Two and†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"In accounts grounded in sex-role theory, such as that by Harris, â€Å"masculinity† identifies cultural â€Å"norms† and â€Å"scripts† which set standards for and thus influence men’s behaviour.† (Flood 205) It is through the process of socialization and interaction that we learn what attitudes, behaviours, norms and scripts make a man ‘manly’ enough to be respected in society. Not every society and time period has the same standards on what it means to be masculine and what traits a man must possess in order to be ‘culturally honoured’ or be considered the ‘ideal’ man by society; therefore, â€Å"masculinity is historically contingent on so many factors.† (Spring) In the West, for example, an ‘ideal’ man in society must be able to supress his emotions, be financially/socially stable, be successful, and Caucasian. South Asian countries have other standards set by society of what it means to be masculine. Throughout the show, although latent, Alan attempts to be more like his brother by acting in hyper masculine ways. According to sociologist Erving Goffman, the definition of hegemonic masculinity is the following: â€Å"a young, married, white, urban, northern, heterosexual, Protestant, father, of college education, fully employed, [†¦] Any male who fails to qualify in any one of these ways is likely to view himself-during moments at least-as unworthy, incomplete, and inferior.† (Kimmel and Holler, 9). Charlie is an example of a man who fits the

Fast Food Restaurants In Singapore - Solution is Just a Click Away

Question: Identify one typical fast-food franchise that operates in Singapore. Describe and explain the type of layout that the fast-food used. How does it support the company performance objectives? Do different franchises (e.g., McDonald, Burger King or Wendy's have different types of layout? Why? Draw a flowchart (process map) for each of the process and explain ways in which the franchise might be improved? Answer: 1. Introduction: Although the global fast food market is highly saturated, KFC can be considered as one of the most popular brand in the world (Kfc.com.sg, 2015). KFC was founded by Colonel Harland Saunders in 1930s and by 1960 it opened more than 600 outlets across US (Kfc.com.sg, 2015). However, the first store of KFC in Singapore was opened in 1977.By 1996 the number of stores increased to 60 and currently about 85 franchised stores operate under the flagship of KFC in Singapore. The innovative offers innovative items to the customers. The organization aims offering healthy foods to customers while maintaining a friendly environment in its restaurants. Large variety of products and unique recipes enhances the popularity of KFC products. Although KFC is one of the major fast food chains in global market, it is known to the customers for its items in chicken segment. Core values of KFC include offering the best product to customer. Offering items prepared from chicken enhances the acceptability of K FC to people of all communities. However, management of the organization also focuses on using fresh ingredients, herbs and different spices for making the products more attractive to customers. Although the organization purchases raw materials from local suppliers, these materials are used only after meeting the quality standards set by KFC management. However, the management also uses computerized cooking processes for maintaining quality of dishes. (Refer to Appendix 1 and 2) 2. Layout and analysis: Franchises of KFC are present all over the world. However, management of the organization focuses on implementation of process layouts. According to Choi Sheel (2012) implementation of facility management layout strategies not only increases availability of stores but it also increases the chances of getting skilled work force. 2.1 Descriptions: Smooth flow of process is important for reducing service delivery time (Baudel Broeksema, 2012). Dwivedi Chheda (2012) opined that use of process layout is beneficial for increasing flexibility of handing various processes. However, implementation of facility layout strategy enables KFC management to execute their operational activities in uninterrupted manner. Although the management focuses on increasing production, it is also important to keep the environment of floor clean. As stated by DiPietro et al. (2013) the tasks of cleaning floor can be difficult if complexity in operating processes increases. Use of facility management techniques enables that the tasks of processing of raw material and delivering finished products are conducted at two separate ends of store. Thus the flow of process becomes easy and predictable. It also makes the tasks related to store cleaning easier. 2.2 Reason for choosing: Hazard reduction and improvement in product quality: According to Elmedulan Apat (2014) layout of an organization are often influenced by the nature of products served. Kenkmann Hooper (2012) also suggested that availability of product and nature of services offered by an organization are determined by infrastructure of a store. As KFC handling of raw material, fished product and containers is important for improving quality of products. Restaurant management requires ensuring safety for staffs. Use of facility layout not only makes the restaurants attractive but also provides the employees with occupational safety (Zhang et al., 2013). Lower operating cost and easy expansion of stores: Moon Song (2012) stated that use of facility layout reduces the cost of running a store. As most of the stores of KFC uses facility layout model, management requires investing less to run these stores. Kim Shin (2014) stated that environment is one of the most important factors for retaining visitors in a restaurant. Use of facility infrastructure enables the management to keep these restaurants clean. It indicates that the layouts of stores play an important role in increasing profitability of KFC. 2.3 Effectiveness of layout: Efficient utilization of employees: Environment of a restaurant impacts on the efficiency of employees (Kim et al., 2013). Quality of services provided in a restaurant influences loyalty of customers (Kim Shin, 2014). However, using process layout strategies ensure that management of KFC can utilize efficient employees and thus the management can offer customers with products and services of high quality. McDonalds one of the competitors of KFC in Singapore, also follows facility layout strategies for outlets. The organization develops process oriented layout designs to make the process of handling products more flexible. McDonalds is redesigning their outlets and the new outlets will content three different types of dining space. The organization also focuses on designing of outlets in environment friendly manner. However, Burger King another major fast food chain in Singapore uses self ordering Kiosks to make the delivery and payment collection process more efficient. On other hand Wendys, management focuses on increasing the availability of stores. 2.3.1 SWOT Strengths Hazard reduction Reduces complexity for moving people and materials Maximizes staff utilization Optimizes space utilization and flexibility Processes can be supervised easily Makes the process of communication easy Weakness Flow time of products is higher Process planning is complex Opportunities Processes can be modified easily. Thus KFC management can easily add new services or also can implement innovation. Threats Requirement of skilled worker is high Increased complexity in planning Table 1: SWOT of Process layout in KFC Strengths of KFC Layouts: Reduction in workplace hazard and better utilization of employees: Use of process layout reduces work place hazards (Baudel Broeksema, 2012). As the comforts of staffs are emphasized in KFC layout strategies, quality of services provided by staffs also improves. Bottlenecks in processes reduce as the process handling becomes flexible. Ease of moving people and materials: KFC restaurant layouts include functional grouping of various processes. Use of process layout provides staffs with the opportunity of using multiple routes for moving materials. Thus the handling of raw material becomes easier in KFC restaurants. Optimized space utilization: Use of facility layout strategies enables the management of KFC to utilize the available spaces of a restaurant efficiently. Requirement for equipments reduces due to use of process layout. The stores which use process layout also include several departments for doing tasks. It optimizes utilization of available space. Weaknesses: Use of process layout can increase the complexity of production (Zhang et al.,2013). Complex production system can be considered as one of the weaknesses of KFC. Baudel Broeksema, (2012) suggested that employee turnover in hospitality sector can be increased due to work pressure. Although use of facility layout enables KFC management to provide employees with safe and comfortable environment, the kitchens and store rooms can be improved. As process layout infrastructure is used in stores employees require to move too much and it makes their job tiresome. Use of process layout can affect the employee retention policies of KFC. Opportunities: As the number of health conscious customers is increasing, the demand for healthy products is also increasing (Zhang et al., 2013). Management of the organization can increase number of stores in residential areas to implement above-mentioned business strategies efficiently. However, management of the organization can bring innovation into their existing menus according to the food habits of local people. As use of facility layout enable management to expand stores easily, KFC stores may contain different dining spaces for different group of customers in future. Threats: In case of large stores efficiency of material handling may reduce due to long movements. If the variety of processes increases in KFC, complexity in process planning will also increase. Unavailability of skilled worker can reduce the effectiveness of store layout. 2.3.2 Comparison matrix: KFC (Functional layout) McDonalds (Product layout) Burger King (Position Layout) Remarks Manpower Skilled workforce is used as automated processes are less used. Highly skilled workforce is not required Staffs can do various tasks KFCs approach is more effective Cleanliness Floor can be kept clean easily as different processes are grouped together Automatic system is used for material handling. Thus floor remains clean Cleaning floor can be difficult as equipments are not moved Both KFCs and Mc Donalds approaches are effective Accuracy of cashier Accuracy of cashier is high Accuracy of cashier is high as operations are automated Accuracy of cashier is high as the flow of process is simple Accuracy of cashier is high in all cases Seating arrangement Seating arrangements of customers are different according to their requirement Maximum number of seats can be arranged Seating arrangements are fixed and less flexible KFCs approach is more effective Table 1: Comparison matrix of fast food chains in Singapore Analysis on the comparison matrix indicates that KFC and its competitors McDonalds and Burger King use different lay out for designing their stores. As stared by Baudel Broeksema, (2012) use of process layout enables an organization to utilize its work force efficiently. As KFC management uses process layout, it can create groups of staffs according to their roles. Thus the performance of whole team improves. In case of McDonalds layout management focuses on using automation for conducting various activities. As a result the requirement of recruiting skilled employees reduces. However Kim Shin (2014) opined that lack of skilled employees can affect the customer satisfaction level of customers. In case of Burger Kings layout a single staff can be used for doing several tasks. However in such layouts, expertise of an employee is not utilized properly. Both the restaurants of KFC and Mc Donalds can be kept clean. In case of McDonalds use of automated process keeps the floor lean. In KFC tasks of different category are conducted at different places and it reduces the complexity of floor cleaning. Floor cleaning is difficult for position layout as equipments are not moved (Zhang et al., 2013). In all the discussed layouts products are delivered using predefined path and thus accuracy of cashier is high in all cases. Use of process layout enables KFC management to arranging seats according to the category of customers. Flexible seating arrangement not only increases customer satisfaction level but also improves efficiency of teams. In case of other restaurants, seating arrangement is less flexible. Kenkmann Hooper (2012) opined that use of process layout may not be suitable for large processes as path of product flow becomes complex. Although use of process layout is currently effective for conducting daily activities, its effectiven ess may reduce in future due to changes in product development techniques. 2.3.3 4Ps of KFC: Product Different parts of products are cooked at different places. Parts are assembled after getting an order. Handling of product becomes easier Price Operating cost of running floor is reduced Place Processes are conducted at different places according to their category Promotion Promotion can be done through interior design Table 2: 4Ps of facility layout in KFC Product: Use of process layout enables staffs to manage raw material and finished product more efficiently and thus it improves quality of products. Use of process layout also enables the organization to categorize the tasks of product development according to their category. It also allows the management to utilize the skills of their staffs. However use of process layout increases the service delivery time of KFC. Restaurants such as McDonalds which use product lay out can deliver items within less time. High time for food preparation reduces the effectiveness of KFC store layouts. Price: As the operating costs of stores are low due to use of process layout, KFC can earn huge profit. However, the pricing of items is affected by complex item preparation process. As the production systems of KFCs competitors are simpler, they sell products at comparative low prices. Use of process layout sometimes restricts KFC to implement competitive pricing stratehies.KFC management often offers some add-on services to make the products attractive. Extension of stores is easier and cost effective due to use of process layout. Place: Use of process layout enables the management of KFC to conduct the different processes at different places of store. It is also beneficial for arranging sets of customers according to their types. Thus KFC can provide customers with relaxing environment. Promotion: KFC management can implement interior decoration strategies easily due to use of process layout. Locations of KFC stores are highly convenient. Thus the management does not need to conduct any special promotional activities for informing visitors about the location of stores. Innovative designs of restaurants also attract customers. 3. Flowchart for process layout in KFC: Figure 1: Facility layout in KFC Facility layout in KFC: In KFC the management used process layout for designing restaurants. In these restaurants, the raw materials are collected at one end. However different parts of a product are cooked by chefs. After a customer places an order, the cooked portions are assembled together and served to customers. Impact of facility layout on company objectives: Facility layouts of KFC floors are effective for meeting organizational objectives. Operating costs of these floors are less. So using facility layout is beneficial for KFC management to increase their revenues. Use of facility layout is also beneficial for providing customers with flexible seating arrangements. Thus use of process layout is enabling the organization to satisfy its customers. 4. Recommendations: Although the layouts of KFC franchises in Singapore are effective to attract visitors, competition in the market is increasing. It indicates that management of the organization requires modifying their business strategies for attiring sustainable growth rate. Some recommendations are made in this assignment for KFC franchises in Singapore. Designing separate spaces for different customer groups: The management of KFC should redesign the existing outlets to bring variation in dining spaces. As children and families is one of the most profitable customers groups in KFC, management should focus on creating separate places for children and families. As most of the customers of KFC are young adults and teenagers, the management focuses on providing them with relaxing environment. KFC outlets should contain more flexible chairs so that people of all age become interested to visit here. Separate places for different products: In Singapore, most of the KFC stores offer full menu to the customers. Segmenting the customers according to their requirements enhances the loyalty to organization. However, in the case of KFC, designing menu as per the requirements of customer makes the stores profitable. Although the products included in the menu of KFC are tasty enough to attract customers, most of these products are not good for the health of customers. As the customers are becoming more health conscious, unhealthy foods are also affecting business growth of KFC. However KFC management can arrange for separate counters for different product and customer groups Increasing the opportunity of self service: The management of KFC should emphasize on adding self-service kiosks in outlets. Inclusion of Self serving Kiosks will make the service delivery process more efficient. 5. Conclusion: Analysis of the lay outs of KFC franchises in Singapore indicates that management develops the strategies for its store layouts with focus on ensuring comfort to customers. Although KFC is one of the most well known fast food brands in global market, growth of this organization is being affected by increased competition. However, the management can focus on modifying the store layouts to attract large number of visitors in KFC restaurants. According to the findings of KFC layout strategy analysis, outlets of this organization can provide customers with self-service opportunities. The stores may contain separate spaces for separate customer groups. Apart from this; the management can increase the number of stores in Singapore to retain customers. References Baudel, T. Broeksema, B. (2012). Capturing the Design Space of Sequential Space-Filling Layouts. IEEE Transactions on Visualization Computer Graphics, 18(12), pp.2593-2602. BURGER KING SINGAPORE, (2015). BURGER KING SINGAPORE - Find a store near you. [online] Available at: https://www.burgerking.com.sg/location [Accessed 8 Mar. 2015]. Choi, C. Sheel, A. (2012). Assessing the Relationship Between Waiting Services Customer Satisfaction in Family Restaurants. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality Tourism, 13(1), pp.24-36. DiPietro, R., Gregory, S. Jackson, A. (2013). Going Green in Quick-Service Restaurants: Customer Perceptions Intentions. International Journal of Hospitality Tourism Administration, 14(2), pp.139-156. Dwivedi, P. Chheda, N. (2012). A Hybrid Restaurant Recommender. International Journal of Computer Applications, 55(16), pp.20-25. Elmedulan, Jr., A. Apat, M. (2014). Waste Management of Fast Food Chains in Ozamiz City. JMDS, 4(1). Kenkmann, A. Hooper, L. (2012). The restaurant within the home: experiences of a restaurant style dining provision in residential homes for older people. Quality Ageing Older Adults, 13(2), pp.98-110. Kfc.com.sg, (2015). About Us Goldstard - Welcome to KFC. [online] Available at: https://www.kfc.com.sg/goldstard2 [Accessed 8 Mar. 2015]. Kfc.com.sg, (2015). Locate Us - Welcome to KFC. [online] Available at: https://www.kfc.com.sg/locate-us [Accessed 8 Mar. 2015]. Kim, J., Christodoulidou, N. Choo, Y. (2013). Factors influencing customer acceptance of kiosks at quick service restaurants. Journal of Hospitality Tourism Technology, 4(1), pp.40-63. Kim, Y. Shin, K. (2014). A Study about Customer Satisfaction of Korean Restaurants - Focusing on Seoul New York Modernized Upscale Korean Restaurants -. Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal, 23(4), pp.23-31. McDonald's, Singapore, (2015). McDonald's Singapore. [online] Available at: https://www.mcdonalds.com.sg/locate-us/ [Accessed 8 Mar. 2015]. Moon, S. Song, J. (2012). Study on Food Quality of Korean Restaurants, Customer Satisfaction, Revisit Intentions in Chinese University or College Students - Focused on different awareness of Korean food -. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture, 27(3), pp.285-293. Rengel, R. (2012). The interior plan. New York: Fairchild Books. Wendy's Singapore, (2015). Wendy's Singapore. [online] Available at: https://www.wendys.com.sg/outlets.php [Accessed 8 Mar. 2015]. Zhang, M., Wu, W., Yao, L., Bai, Y. Xiong, G. (2014). Transnational practices in urban China: Spatiality localization ofwestern fast food chains. Habitat International, 43, pp.22-31. Zhang, Z., Zhang, Z. Law, R. (2013). Regional effects on customer satisfaction with restaurants. Int J Contemp Hospitality Mngt, 25(5), pp.705-722.

Research Methods free essay sample

Give two specific instances where an external research team would be useful and two other scenarios when an internal research team will be deployed, with adequate explanations as to why each scenarios is justified for an external or internal team. Q7. Describe a situation where research will help you as a manager to make a good decision. Chapter 2 Q1 describe the hallmarks of scientific research. Q2 What are the steps in hypothetico -deductive research ? explain them, using an example not in the book. Q3 One hears the word research being mention by several groups such as research organization, college and university professors, doctoral students, graduate assistants working for faculty, graduate and undergraduate students doing their term papers, research departments in industries, newspaper reporters, journalists, lawyers, doctors, and many other professionals and nonprofessionals. In the light of what you have learned in this chapter, which among the aforementioned groups of people do you think may be doing â€Å"scientific† investigations in the areas of basic or applied research? Why? Q4 Explain the processes of deduction and induction, giving an example of each. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Methods or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Chapter3 Q1 As a manager, what kinds of information do you think you will explore through the Internet research? Q2 How can audit capabilities in software help organization? Q3 How do you think you will apply the concepts of data warehousing and data mining in accompany doing retail business? Q4 How does technology help in information gathering as well as its dissemination? Q5 How can technology be misused? Give some hypothetical instances where this could occur. Chapter4 Q1 How would you describe the research process? Q2 Explain the preliminary data collection methods. Q3 Why is it important to gather information on the background of the organization? Q4 should a research always obtain information on the structural aspects and jobs characteristics from those interviewed? Give reasons for your answer with examples. Q5 How would you go about doing a literature survey in the area of business ethics? Q6 What is the purpose of a literature survey? Q7 Why is appropriate citation important? What are the consequences of not giving credit to the source from which materials are extracted? Q8 â€Å"The problem definition stage is perhaps more critical in the research process than the problem solution stages. † Discuss this statement. Q9 Why should one get hung up on problem definition if one already knows the broad problem area to be studied? Q10 Offer a clearly focused problem statement in the broad area of corporate culture. Q11 After studying and extracting information from all the relevant work done previously, how does the research know which particular references, articles, and information should be given prominence in the literature survey?