Value of Social Skills in Montessori - 2595 Words

â€Å"The child in the Montessori school is not isolated, he is a microcosm of the Human Society, the ideal reality of this society lies in the Unity and Coherence, respect and love.† The Child, Society, and the World – Dr Maria Montessori In light of the above quote, discuss the value of the social skills in the Montessori school and give the example of experiences, which would help the child acquire understanding and respect for the others. Introduction â€Å"An isolated individual cannot develop his individuality. He must put himself in relationship with his environment and within the reach of the events and the life of his times.† http://www.montessori-namta.org/NAMTA/PDF%20files/Outcomes.pdf, Child’s Instinct to Work, Maria†¦show more content†¦Knowledge and development of social skills make a child understand the meaning of ‘self’. The child understands what it means to be a ‘person’ and have social responsibilities, such as greeting others on meeting. †¢ Develop the independence skills. Being able to walk confidently, eat food at the table, use the toilet, wear clothes, greet others, and ask for help etc helps in developing the sense of independence. This also helps in building self-confidence. †¢ Develop the trust in the people and the environment. When a child sees that a person is graceful and polite, the child finds it easy to trust that person. †¢ Ability to fit in the social environment is another benefit of learning social skills. With these skills, the child can adjust in any social environment. †¢ Self-discipline is one of the most important outcomes of learning social skills. Knowing that you need to behave only in a certain way in a certain condition helps in development of discipline in the child. For example, a child goes with his/her parents for dinner at somebody’s place. The child was taught by parents and in school that you should always ask for permission from the host before using the toilet or touching anything in the host’s house. This knowledge keeps the child disciplined. †¢ Acquire the knowledge of appropriate and specific social behaviours. The child understands the difference between right and wrong. The child also learns how to behave appropriatelyShow MoreRelatedHome And School Are Places Of Social Processes1363 Words   |  6 PagesBoth home and school are places of social processes. Montessori’s first school located in Rome included family housing in a residential building in Rome assisting a better learning environment against those who opposed. The Child’s House, it was named provided the family with comfort and assurance (Cooney,2011). Almost as if it was a at home daycare facility the parents had a peace of mind while they left for work knowing their children were well taken care of as well as getting an education, thatRead MoreNew Approach to Education System1742 Words   |  7 PagesWillard, and Maria Montessori all great teachers who did their work very well and they had a profound impact on the lives of innumerable people. In today’s world lots of students, teachers, and parents think that Montessori education system is much successful than traditional education system. Maria Montessori was a successful scientist and educator at the same time. She brought a new approach to education system by developing new methodology and founder of the method of Montessori. She is famous inRead MoreMontessori Education : Teaching And Teaching Process1084 Words   |  5 PagesMontessori education is a different approach to teach preschool age children; in this method the students are allowed to guide their own learning. This alternative to the traditional way of schooling has been around for over a century. Due to a Montessori classroom being a unique environment, the activities that happen there are often different from the activities in a traditional school. One of the main views of Montessori practitioners have on children’s learning is that they develop and learnRead MoreMaria Montessori Ed ucation Essay1052 Words   |  5 PagesMaria Montessori was born on August 31,1870†¯in†¯Chiaravalle, Marche, Italy to a financial manager father and an educated mother who highly valued education. Due to this, Montessori was a properly educated woman with a talent and passion for†¯higher education†¯which was extremely unusual for an Italian woman during her time. In†¯the†¯19th†¯century there was much controversy on whether children belonged in the work field or in the classroom. Based on their families†¯social class†¯a child would either go workRead MoreThe Montessori Theory Of Education1674 Words   |  7 Pages The Montessori approach to education takes its name from Dr. Maria Montessori, an Italian physician and educator. The first Montessori school was s established January 6.1907 in the Casa dej Bambin in Rome. Dr. Maria Montessori did her study with young child, and gradually in countries such as Spain and India. Dr. Maria, basic principle behind the Montessori methods is that Children teach themselves she came to this conclusion after observing children from a variety of different of setting andRead More The benefits of preschool Essay1323 Words   |  6 Pageswere not. Considering one can not get too accomplished over many loud high-pitched cries, I was forced to be patient and suffer silently from boredom. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Preschool is a beneficial tool for children because they learn social skills and gain an appreciation at an early age for the education system. The prefix â€Å"pre-â€Å" means before or prior to. Preschool education refers to the education of children prior to the first grade of elementary school (Melton 181). By the time kindergartenRead MoreImportant Aspects Of A Functioning Classroom Essay1507 Words   |  7 Pages Maria Montessori, and Lev Vygotsky all understood the way children think and the importance of imaginative play. They also understood that children need to be active in nature. Also, we have discussed different forms of learning, such as project based learning, team teaching, and outdoor classrooms. In my opinion, the education system should have changes that benefit the students’ needs. They’re not getting the most out of their education. Children are active, curious, extremely social, literalRead MoreAnalysis Of Eriksons Theory On Early Childhood Education1212 Words   |  5 Pageslike the very idea of number, time, quantity, causality, just and so on emerged(McLeod, 2015). Maria Montessori The greatest sign of success for a teacher†¦is to be able to say, â€Å"The children are now working as if I do not exist. Maria Montessori Maria Montessori was an Italian physician, educator, and innovator, praised for her educational methods that shapes the way children learn. The Montessori Method is an approach to learning which emphasizes active learning, independence, cooperation, and learningRead MoreMontessori Schools Are The Best For Our Future Generations1544 Words   |  7 Pages Montessori Schools In today’s world, we can find hundreds of schools all around us, but we can’t figure out which one is best for our future generations. One of the most outstanding schools are the Montessori schools. According to the American Montessori Society the Montessori schools are based on the observation of the students, letting the students choose what they want to do, letting the students rely on themselves for almost everything, and the teachers are there to only help andRead MoreSensitive Periods1496 Words   |  6 Pagesabilities and skills. When children are in their sensitive periods and working with any activity, they will not show any signs of fatigue and will repeat the activity a number of times. These periods last for a certain amount of time; however the child may eventually lose interest and may move on to another activity. Development changes will not occur unless there is some kind of maturational process. It is essential to support the child’ s sensitive period through the environment Montessori explains

Hegemonic Masculinity Characters And Plot Of The Popular...

The characters and plot of the popular sitcom Two and a half men are an excellent representation of how the production of hegemonic masculinity and subordinate masculinity in the show reinforce the idea of hegemonic masculinity as the only real form of manliness accepted by society’s standards of an â€Å"ideal man.† Effeminate masculinity, a subordinate form of masculinity, is not represented in the show in a positive light rather, it is mocked. The characters that play these roles are Charlie, who plays the hyper masculine role, and Alan, who plays the effeminate masculinity role. Alan’s role is inferior compared to that of Charlie’s hyper masculine character and this is strongly evident in the clip â€Å"Charlie gives Alan some lessons.† Two and†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"In accounts grounded in sex-role theory, such as that by Harris, â€Å"masculinity† identifies cultural â€Å"norms† and â€Å"scripts† which set standards for and thus influence men’s behaviour.† (Flood 205) It is through the process of socialization and interaction that we learn what attitudes, behaviours, norms and scripts make a man ‘manly’ enough to be respected in society. Not every society and time period has the same standards on what it means to be masculine and what traits a man must possess in order to be ‘culturally honoured’ or be considered the ‘ideal’ man by society; therefore, â€Å"masculinity is historically contingent on so many factors.† (Spring) In the West, for example, an ‘ideal’ man in society must be able to supress his emotions, be financially/socially stable, be successful, and Caucasian. South Asian countries have other standards set by society of what it means to be masculine. Throughout the show, although latent, Alan attempts to be more like his brother by acting in hyper masculine ways. According to sociologist Erving Goffman, the definition of hegemonic masculinity is the following: â€Å"a young, married, white, urban, northern, heterosexual, Protestant, father, of college education, fully employed, [†¦] Any male who fails to qualify in any one of these ways is likely to view himself-during moments at least-as unworthy, incomplete, and inferior.† (Kimmel and Holler, 9). Charlie is an example of a man who fits the

Fast Food Restaurants In Singapore - Solution is Just a Click Away

Question: Identify one typical fast-food franchise that operates in Singapore. Describe and explain the type of layout that the fast-food used. How does it support the company performance objectives? Do different franchises (e.g., McDonald, Burger King or Wendy's have different types of layout? Why? Draw a flowchart (process map) for each of the process and explain ways in which the franchise might be improved? Answer: 1. Introduction: Although the global fast food market is highly saturated, KFC can be considered as one of the most popular brand in the world (Kfc.com.sg, 2015). KFC was founded by Colonel Harland Saunders in 1930s and by 1960 it opened more than 600 outlets across US (Kfc.com.sg, 2015). However, the first store of KFC in Singapore was opened in 1977.By 1996 the number of stores increased to 60 and currently about 85 franchised stores operate under the flagship of KFC in Singapore. The innovative offers innovative items to the customers. The organization aims offering healthy foods to customers while maintaining a friendly environment in its restaurants. Large variety of products and unique recipes enhances the popularity of KFC products. Although KFC is one of the major fast food chains in global market, it is known to the customers for its items in chicken segment. Core values of KFC include offering the best product to customer. Offering items prepared from chicken enhances the acceptability of K FC to people of all communities. However, management of the organization also focuses on using fresh ingredients, herbs and different spices for making the products more attractive to customers. Although the organization purchases raw materials from local suppliers, these materials are used only after meeting the quality standards set by KFC management. However, the management also uses computerized cooking processes for maintaining quality of dishes. (Refer to Appendix 1 and 2) 2. Layout and analysis: Franchises of KFC are present all over the world. However, management of the organization focuses on implementation of process layouts. According to Choi Sheel (2012) implementation of facility management layout strategies not only increases availability of stores but it also increases the chances of getting skilled work force. 2.1 Descriptions: Smooth flow of process is important for reducing service delivery time (Baudel Broeksema, 2012). Dwivedi Chheda (2012) opined that use of process layout is beneficial for increasing flexibility of handing various processes. However, implementation of facility layout strategy enables KFC management to execute their operational activities in uninterrupted manner. Although the management focuses on increasing production, it is also important to keep the environment of floor clean. As stated by DiPietro et al. (2013) the tasks of cleaning floor can be difficult if complexity in operating processes increases. Use of facility management techniques enables that the tasks of processing of raw material and delivering finished products are conducted at two separate ends of store. Thus the flow of process becomes easy and predictable. It also makes the tasks related to store cleaning easier. 2.2 Reason for choosing: Hazard reduction and improvement in product quality: According to Elmedulan Apat (2014) layout of an organization are often influenced by the nature of products served. Kenkmann Hooper (2012) also suggested that availability of product and nature of services offered by an organization are determined by infrastructure of a store. As KFC handling of raw material, fished product and containers is important for improving quality of products. Restaurant management requires ensuring safety for staffs. Use of facility layout not only makes the restaurants attractive but also provides the employees with occupational safety (Zhang et al., 2013). Lower operating cost and easy expansion of stores: Moon Song (2012) stated that use of facility layout reduces the cost of running a store. As most of the stores of KFC uses facility layout model, management requires investing less to run these stores. Kim Shin (2014) stated that environment is one of the most important factors for retaining visitors in a restaurant. Use of facility infrastructure enables the management to keep these restaurants clean. It indicates that the layouts of stores play an important role in increasing profitability of KFC. 2.3 Effectiveness of layout: Efficient utilization of employees: Environment of a restaurant impacts on the efficiency of employees (Kim et al., 2013). Quality of services provided in a restaurant influences loyalty of customers (Kim Shin, 2014). However, using process layout strategies ensure that management of KFC can utilize efficient employees and thus the management can offer customers with products and services of high quality. McDonalds one of the competitors of KFC in Singapore, also follows facility layout strategies for outlets. The organization develops process oriented layout designs to make the process of handling products more flexible. McDonalds is redesigning their outlets and the new outlets will content three different types of dining space. The organization also focuses on designing of outlets in environment friendly manner. However, Burger King another major fast food chain in Singapore uses self ordering Kiosks to make the delivery and payment collection process more efficient. On other hand Wendys, management focuses on increasing the availability of stores. 2.3.1 SWOT Strengths Hazard reduction Reduces complexity for moving people and materials Maximizes staff utilization Optimizes space utilization and flexibility Processes can be supervised easily Makes the process of communication easy Weakness Flow time of products is higher Process planning is complex Opportunities Processes can be modified easily. Thus KFC management can easily add new services or also can implement innovation. Threats Requirement of skilled worker is high Increased complexity in planning Table 1: SWOT of Process layout in KFC Strengths of KFC Layouts: Reduction in workplace hazard and better utilization of employees: Use of process layout reduces work place hazards (Baudel Broeksema, 2012). As the comforts of staffs are emphasized in KFC layout strategies, quality of services provided by staffs also improves. Bottlenecks in processes reduce as the process handling becomes flexible. Ease of moving people and materials: KFC restaurant layouts include functional grouping of various processes. Use of process layout provides staffs with the opportunity of using multiple routes for moving materials. Thus the handling of raw material becomes easier in KFC restaurants. Optimized space utilization: Use of facility layout strategies enables the management of KFC to utilize the available spaces of a restaurant efficiently. Requirement for equipments reduces due to use of process layout. The stores which use process layout also include several departments for doing tasks. It optimizes utilization of available space. Weaknesses: Use of process layout can increase the complexity of production (Zhang et al.,2013). Complex production system can be considered as one of the weaknesses of KFC. Baudel Broeksema, (2012) suggested that employee turnover in hospitality sector can be increased due to work pressure. Although use of facility layout enables KFC management to provide employees with safe and comfortable environment, the kitchens and store rooms can be improved. As process layout infrastructure is used in stores employees require to move too much and it makes their job tiresome. Use of process layout can affect the employee retention policies of KFC. Opportunities: As the number of health conscious customers is increasing, the demand for healthy products is also increasing (Zhang et al., 2013). Management of the organization can increase number of stores in residential areas to implement above-mentioned business strategies efficiently. However, management of the organization can bring innovation into their existing menus according to the food habits of local people. As use of facility layout enable management to expand stores easily, KFC stores may contain different dining spaces for different group of customers in future. Threats: In case of large stores efficiency of material handling may reduce due to long movements. If the variety of processes increases in KFC, complexity in process planning will also increase. Unavailability of skilled worker can reduce the effectiveness of store layout. 2.3.2 Comparison matrix: KFC (Functional layout) McDonalds (Product layout) Burger King (Position Layout) Remarks Manpower Skilled workforce is used as automated processes are less used. Highly skilled workforce is not required Staffs can do various tasks KFCs approach is more effective Cleanliness Floor can be kept clean easily as different processes are grouped together Automatic system is used for material handling. Thus floor remains clean Cleaning floor can be difficult as equipments are not moved Both KFCs and Mc Donalds approaches are effective Accuracy of cashier Accuracy of cashier is high Accuracy of cashier is high as operations are automated Accuracy of cashier is high as the flow of process is simple Accuracy of cashier is high in all cases Seating arrangement Seating arrangements of customers are different according to their requirement Maximum number of seats can be arranged Seating arrangements are fixed and less flexible KFCs approach is more effective Table 1: Comparison matrix of fast food chains in Singapore Analysis on the comparison matrix indicates that KFC and its competitors McDonalds and Burger King use different lay out for designing their stores. As stared by Baudel Broeksema, (2012) use of process layout enables an organization to utilize its work force efficiently. As KFC management uses process layout, it can create groups of staffs according to their roles. Thus the performance of whole team improves. In case of McDonalds layout management focuses on using automation for conducting various activities. As a result the requirement of recruiting skilled employees reduces. However Kim Shin (2014) opined that lack of skilled employees can affect the customer satisfaction level of customers. In case of Burger Kings layout a single staff can be used for doing several tasks. However in such layouts, expertise of an employee is not utilized properly. Both the restaurants of KFC and Mc Donalds can be kept clean. In case of McDonalds use of automated process keeps the floor lean. In KFC tasks of different category are conducted at different places and it reduces the complexity of floor cleaning. Floor cleaning is difficult for position layout as equipments are not moved (Zhang et al., 2013). In all the discussed layouts products are delivered using predefined path and thus accuracy of cashier is high in all cases. Use of process layout enables KFC management to arranging seats according to the category of customers. Flexible seating arrangement not only increases customer satisfaction level but also improves efficiency of teams. In case of other restaurants, seating arrangement is less flexible. Kenkmann Hooper (2012) opined that use of process layout may not be suitable for large processes as path of product flow becomes complex. Although use of process layout is currently effective for conducting daily activities, its effectiven ess may reduce in future due to changes in product development techniques. 2.3.3 4Ps of KFC: Product Different parts of products are cooked at different places. Parts are assembled after getting an order. Handling of product becomes easier Price Operating cost of running floor is reduced Place Processes are conducted at different places according to their category Promotion Promotion can be done through interior design Table 2: 4Ps of facility layout in KFC Product: Use of process layout enables staffs to manage raw material and finished product more efficiently and thus it improves quality of products. Use of process layout also enables the organization to categorize the tasks of product development according to their category. It also allows the management to utilize the skills of their staffs. However use of process layout increases the service delivery time of KFC. Restaurants such as McDonalds which use product lay out can deliver items within less time. High time for food preparation reduces the effectiveness of KFC store layouts. Price: As the operating costs of stores are low due to use of process layout, KFC can earn huge profit. However, the pricing of items is affected by complex item preparation process. As the production systems of KFCs competitors are simpler, they sell products at comparative low prices. Use of process layout sometimes restricts KFC to implement competitive pricing stratehies.KFC management often offers some add-on services to make the products attractive. Extension of stores is easier and cost effective due to use of process layout. Place: Use of process layout enables the management of KFC to conduct the different processes at different places of store. It is also beneficial for arranging sets of customers according to their types. Thus KFC can provide customers with relaxing environment. Promotion: KFC management can implement interior decoration strategies easily due to use of process layout. Locations of KFC stores are highly convenient. Thus the management does not need to conduct any special promotional activities for informing visitors about the location of stores. Innovative designs of restaurants also attract customers. 3. Flowchart for process layout in KFC: Figure 1: Facility layout in KFC Facility layout in KFC: In KFC the management used process layout for designing restaurants. In these restaurants, the raw materials are collected at one end. However different parts of a product are cooked by chefs. After a customer places an order, the cooked portions are assembled together and served to customers. Impact of facility layout on company objectives: Facility layouts of KFC floors are effective for meeting organizational objectives. Operating costs of these floors are less. So using facility layout is beneficial for KFC management to increase their revenues. Use of facility layout is also beneficial for providing customers with flexible seating arrangements. Thus use of process layout is enabling the organization to satisfy its customers. 4. Recommendations: Although the layouts of KFC franchises in Singapore are effective to attract visitors, competition in the market is increasing. It indicates that management of the organization requires modifying their business strategies for attiring sustainable growth rate. Some recommendations are made in this assignment for KFC franchises in Singapore. Designing separate spaces for different customer groups: The management of KFC should redesign the existing outlets to bring variation in dining spaces. As children and families is one of the most profitable customers groups in KFC, management should focus on creating separate places for children and families. As most of the customers of KFC are young adults and teenagers, the management focuses on providing them with relaxing environment. KFC outlets should contain more flexible chairs so that people of all age become interested to visit here. Separate places for different products: In Singapore, most of the KFC stores offer full menu to the customers. Segmenting the customers according to their requirements enhances the loyalty to organization. However, in the case of KFC, designing menu as per the requirements of customer makes the stores profitable. Although the products included in the menu of KFC are tasty enough to attract customers, most of these products are not good for the health of customers. As the customers are becoming more health conscious, unhealthy foods are also affecting business growth of KFC. However KFC management can arrange for separate counters for different product and customer groups Increasing the opportunity of self service: The management of KFC should emphasize on adding self-service kiosks in outlets. Inclusion of Self serving Kiosks will make the service delivery process more efficient. 5. Conclusion: Analysis of the lay outs of KFC franchises in Singapore indicates that management develops the strategies for its store layouts with focus on ensuring comfort to customers. Although KFC is one of the most well known fast food brands in global market, growth of this organization is being affected by increased competition. However, the management can focus on modifying the store layouts to attract large number of visitors in KFC restaurants. According to the findings of KFC layout strategy analysis, outlets of this organization can provide customers with self-service opportunities. The stores may contain separate spaces for separate customer groups. Apart from this; the management can increase the number of stores in Singapore to retain customers. References Baudel, T. Broeksema, B. (2012). Capturing the Design Space of Sequential Space-Filling Layouts. IEEE Transactions on Visualization Computer Graphics, 18(12), pp.2593-2602. BURGER KING SINGAPORE, (2015). BURGER KING SINGAPORE - Find a store near you. [online] Available at: https://www.burgerking.com.sg/location [Accessed 8 Mar. 2015]. Choi, C. Sheel, A. (2012). Assessing the Relationship Between Waiting Services Customer Satisfaction in Family Restaurants. Journal of Quality Assurance in Hospitality Tourism, 13(1), pp.24-36. DiPietro, R., Gregory, S. Jackson, A. (2013). Going Green in Quick-Service Restaurants: Customer Perceptions Intentions. International Journal of Hospitality Tourism Administration, 14(2), pp.139-156. Dwivedi, P. Chheda, N. (2012). A Hybrid Restaurant Recommender. International Journal of Computer Applications, 55(16), pp.20-25. Elmedulan, Jr., A. Apat, M. (2014). Waste Management of Fast Food Chains in Ozamiz City. JMDS, 4(1). Kenkmann, A. Hooper, L. (2012). The restaurant within the home: experiences of a restaurant style dining provision in residential homes for older people. Quality Ageing Older Adults, 13(2), pp.98-110. Kfc.com.sg, (2015). About Us Goldstard - Welcome to KFC. [online] Available at: https://www.kfc.com.sg/goldstard2 [Accessed 8 Mar. 2015]. Kfc.com.sg, (2015). Locate Us - Welcome to KFC. [online] Available at: https://www.kfc.com.sg/locate-us [Accessed 8 Mar. 2015]. Kim, J., Christodoulidou, N. Choo, Y. (2013). Factors influencing customer acceptance of kiosks at quick service restaurants. Journal of Hospitality Tourism Technology, 4(1), pp.40-63. Kim, Y. Shin, K. (2014). A Study about Customer Satisfaction of Korean Restaurants - Focusing on Seoul New York Modernized Upscale Korean Restaurants -. Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal, 23(4), pp.23-31. McDonald's, Singapore, (2015). McDonald's Singapore. [online] Available at: https://www.mcdonalds.com.sg/locate-us/ [Accessed 8 Mar. 2015]. Moon, S. Song, J. (2012). Study on Food Quality of Korean Restaurants, Customer Satisfaction, Revisit Intentions in Chinese University or College Students - Focused on different awareness of Korean food -. Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture, 27(3), pp.285-293. Rengel, R. (2012). The interior plan. New York: Fairchild Books. Wendy's Singapore, (2015). Wendy's Singapore. [online] Available at: https://www.wendys.com.sg/outlets.php [Accessed 8 Mar. 2015]. Zhang, M., Wu, W., Yao, L., Bai, Y. Xiong, G. (2014). Transnational practices in urban China: Spatiality localization ofwestern fast food chains. Habitat International, 43, pp.22-31. Zhang, Z., Zhang, Z. Law, R. (2013). Regional effects on customer satisfaction with restaurants. Int J Contemp Hospitality Mngt, 25(5), pp.705-722.

Research Methods free essay sample

Give two specific instances where an external research team would be useful and two other scenarios when an internal research team will be deployed, with adequate explanations as to why each scenarios is justified for an external or internal team. Q7. Describe a situation where research will help you as a manager to make a good decision. Chapter 2 Q1 describe the hallmarks of scientific research. Q2 What are the steps in hypothetico -deductive research ? explain them, using an example not in the book. Q3 One hears the word research being mention by several groups such as research organization, college and university professors, doctoral students, graduate assistants working for faculty, graduate and undergraduate students doing their term papers, research departments in industries, newspaper reporters, journalists, lawyers, doctors, and many other professionals and nonprofessionals. In the light of what you have learned in this chapter, which among the aforementioned groups of people do you think may be doing â€Å"scientific† investigations in the areas of basic or applied research? Why? Q4 Explain the processes of deduction and induction, giving an example of each. We will write a custom essay sample on Research Methods or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Chapter3 Q1 As a manager, what kinds of information do you think you will explore through the Internet research? Q2 How can audit capabilities in software help organization? Q3 How do you think you will apply the concepts of data warehousing and data mining in accompany doing retail business? Q4 How does technology help in information gathering as well as its dissemination? Q5 How can technology be misused? Give some hypothetical instances where this could occur. Chapter4 Q1 How would you describe the research process? Q2 Explain the preliminary data collection methods. Q3 Why is it important to gather information on the background of the organization? Q4 should a research always obtain information on the structural aspects and jobs characteristics from those interviewed? Give reasons for your answer with examples. Q5 How would you go about doing a literature survey in the area of business ethics? Q6 What is the purpose of a literature survey? Q7 Why is appropriate citation important? What are the consequences of not giving credit to the source from which materials are extracted? Q8 â€Å"The problem definition stage is perhaps more critical in the research process than the problem solution stages. † Discuss this statement. Q9 Why should one get hung up on problem definition if one already knows the broad problem area to be studied? Q10 Offer a clearly focused problem statement in the broad area of corporate culture. Q11 After studying and extracting information from all the relevant work done previously, how does the research know which particular references, articles, and information should be given prominence in the literature survey?

Organisational Theory

Personal Experience Change is one of the forces in life which cannot be avoided. In most of the cases, many people find it difficult to accept change because of the fear of the unknown (Hargreaves Fullan, 2012). I have a personal experience of how challenging it may be to introduce change in an organisational setting. I was in my third year at the University of Melbourne when the management decided to digitise the library.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Organisational Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This was a new technology-supported system where students were enabled to access all the materials within the library in a digital platform. The management made this decision because of the limited number of some critically important books. This new system was developed after a series of consultative forums involving the students, teachers, management, and other related stakeholders. The reading areas w ithin the library were fitted with personal computers connected to the database. The students would use their student identification numbers to login to the system and access all the relevant materials they needed. The chief librarian and other staff members took time to explain the reason this decision was made, how the system worked, and the benefits it had to the users of this library. At first, a number of students were sceptical about the new system introduced in the library. However, they slowly came to embrace the new system. It became very popular among the students, eliminating the need to have physical books in the library. Main Principles of Change Management According to Apple (2004), successful organisations are those that have learnt the art of managing change. In order to manage change successfully, it is important to know some of the principles of change management. Creation of a shared vision is one of the most important principles of change management (Hargreaves Fullan, 2012). With a shared vision, it becomes easy for all the stakeholders to accept change without any serious resistance. The case presented above about University of Melbourne’s new system in the library is a clear example of the relevance of developing a shared vision. The management involved all the stakeholders and ensured that they all understood the need to move to a new system. According to Apple (2004), communication is another important principle of change management. Change involves coming up with a new concept of addressing various tasks within an organisational setting. In most of the cases, it is always an idea of an individual who has visualised how a given process can be undertaken in a better way.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In order to make other people understand and appreciate the relevance of such a new system, communication is very i mportant. The management should ensure that all the stakeholders understand the new system. Any question about the new system should be addressed to ensure that doubts and misconceptions are eliminated. This task was addressed satisfactorily by the chief librarian and other junior employees. Engagement of the stakeholders is another important principle of change management. According to Hargreaves, Lieberman, Fullan and Hopkins (2014), before introducing a new system or concept within an organisation, it is important that all the relevant stakeholders are engaged in the entire process. Engaging the stakeholders creates an environment where the stakeholders feel they own the new system instead of feeling that the management imposed it on them. This is what happened when the new digitised library system was introduced at the university. All the relevant stakeholders were involved. This way, the new system became acceptable among the students because they felt that they were part of it s formation. Jones (2012) says that another important principle of change is the development of enabling structures. The scholar says that before introducing change, the management must ensure that there are structures in place that can support the system. Change can only make sense when it is sustainable. The University of Melbourne decided to introduce a new system. This new system needed installation of personal computers in the reading areas. It also needed an IT system that would enable students to access information available in the database. The management had enough funds to install these structures. The entire reading area had fully equipped personal computers that were linked to the main database through an integrated communication system. These structures made it possible to have a functional system that supported operations of the firm. Culture cannot be avoided when managing change in an organisation. According to Jones (2012), this principle requires that cultural fact ors be put into consideration when managing change. Many organisations always ignore the role of culture in change management. There are cases where some stakeholders may reject change simply because it is not aligned to their cultural beliefs and practices.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Organisational Theory specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is, therefore, necessary that the management finds a way of aligning cultural values to change management principles. This is one area that was not given much consideration when this new system was introduced. According to Fullan (2014), for a long time, physical books have been a sign of knowledge, especially to student of higher learning. However, a time had come when this had to change. The school made a radical shift from the use of physical books to the use of digitised books. This transition should have been gradual. Strengths and weaknesses of the way in whi ch change was managed The digital library at the University of Melbourne was a new system that was meant to improve students’ experience every time they visited the library. One of the main strengths of the way in which this change was managed is that all the stakeholders were actively involved. This made it possible for the new system to be accepted among the stakeholders. The management also maintained a clear system of communication. The librarians were available to address any question that the library users had about the new system. The highly integrated communication system also enhanced information sharing. The library users made a number of suggestions on how to improve the system to make it user-friendly. Within the first few months, a number of adjustments were made in the system based on the suggestions of the users. This improved its efficiency. However, the major weakness that was witnessed in the way this change was managed was that it was implemented within a s hort time. Some student complained that the change was so sudden that they had to take several weeks to make proper use of the library. Summary Understanding how to manage change is very important in the current organisational setting. From the critique and review of literatures done above, it is apparent that communication is critical when managing change. It facilitates engagement of all the stakeholders to ensure that they understand and appreciate the relevance of the new system. References Apple, M. (2004). Creating difference: Neo-liberalism, neo-conservatism and the politics of educational reform. Educational Policy, 18(12), 12-44.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fullan, M. (2014). Positive Pressure in Second International Handbook of Educational Change. Chicago: Sage. Hargreaves, A. Fullan, M. (2012). Professional Capital: Transforming Teaching in Every School. Norderstedt: Books on Deman. Hargreaves, A., Lieberman, A., Fullan, M. Hopkins, D. (2014). Second International Handbook of Educational Change. New York: Cengage. Jones, G. (2012). Organisational Theory, Design, and Change. New York: McGraw-Hill Irwin. This case study on Organisational Theory was written and submitted by user Wolver-dok to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Rumba essays

Rumba essays I have always enjoyed music and dance and have been interested in its history. As a result of this class, I have a much greater appreciation for the sound, rhthym, dance, spirit and cultural significance of the Rumba. Now, when I think of Rumba, I hear the beat of the drums and my feet begin to move to the echo of the clave in my head. The musical tradition of Rumba dates back to Bantu tribes in Africa. Words like Tumba, Macumba, and Tambo are African words that have been used to describe dances similar dances to Rumba that imitated barnyard animal movements. Carried to Cuba in the 1800s by African slaves, the musical style of todays Rumba evolved out of the slums of Cuba after slavery was abolished in 1886. The word, rumba derives from the Spanish verb, rumbiar which means to dance. In her book, Rumba, Dance and Social Change in Contemporary Cuba, Yvonne Daniel tells us that Cuban musicologists who have studied music and dance agree that the precise meaning of rumba is difficult to determine....but points to those words of African origin that mean a collective party, unrelated to religious ritual.(17) Other scholars think that the Rumba has its roots in Spain. In any case, the Rumba became very popular in Cuba in the late 19th century. Some authorities feel that Rumba implies a festive occasion as much as a specific dance and music style. Since Rumba originated from the barrios of Cuba, there were no elaborate congo drums or wooden claves. Fearing rebellion and uprisings, the colonists outlawed the use of drums. To get around these regulations, the performers (called rumberos) used empty wooden crates, upside down drawers, and the sides of wardrobes as drums, and two spoons held together or frying pans to keep the beat. These percussion instruments were accompanied by clapping, and singing as well as dancing. Rumba parties (rumbones) were com ...

Field trip assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Field trip - Assignment Example Others may be identified by their height and morphology The difference between the southern and northern magnolia trees are mainly based on their morphology. The difference may be used to tell the native of the specific species and the kind of the environment from which the tree came from. Pollination of these flowers is mainly done by beetle, although other insects may be involved. The structure of the flower is simple and one can hardly distinguish the sepals from the petals, the flower is leathery and the seeds are well protected. A leaf that would survive I water needs to be wide and flat for it to float on water, it needs to have many stomata on either side to get rid of the excess water, and the stomata need to be open throughout so as to allow water to escape Station 3 Bald cypress; The bald cypresses are known for their distinctive feature, the knees. These are special roots that protrude upwards from the ground water; their function is thought to be that of air exchange since the bald cypress grow in swampy areas. The giant redwood has a lifespan of up to 2000 years while the giant Sequoia has a life span of 3000 years. The branches of the giant redwood, go up to 5 feet in diameter while those of the Sequoia go up to 8 feet in diameter, the bark of the redwood grows up to 12 inches thick while that of the giant Sequoia grows up to 3 feet thick, lastly the redwood reproduce either by seed or sprout whereas the Sequoias reproduce mainly by seed. Station 4b: Dawn Redwood (Metasequoia glyptostroboides); Some of the advantages of deciduous plants are that the plant leave are prevented from damage during harsh conditions, the nutrients and energy are stored in the stems and later used to make other leaves when the conditions are favorable. These plants also reduce ice buildup as they do not have leaves that provide a perfect surface for ice buildup. Thus, there is less damage to the

All Animals are Equal by Peter Singer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

All Animals are Equal by Peter Singer - Essay Example Everyone is different in many respects such as capacity, intelligence, body stamina yet all are considered equal in providing basic rights to them. The principle of the equality essentially enforces equal treatment for all and with that perspective, he argues, why the same moral ideal is not extended further to include other species of the planet. All species in this universe do not differ on the matter of suffering – no matter how big or small they are. Then why humans instill a different kind of treatment to them. If suffering is made the reason for consideration of equality among all species then the current moral principles of equality – that limit equality to humans only are certainly neither sufficient in themselves nor devoid of human bias. The point is criteria of equality cannot apply only to humans but it is perfectly logical to extend it to other beings too who suffers due to actions of humans against them. Singer asserts "Most human beings are speciesists" (155) because they make use of other species for eating. Though the argument is given is the nutritional needs but it has been sufficiently proved in the scientific realms that farm products such as soybeans and other milk products can meet human needs of proteins. Men use species just as means to meet their ends. The key reasons for consuming other species are attributed to human taste buds and this fact cannot be denied at all. Members of other species are treated most grotesquely – as machines that transform grains into flesh.

Windows Server 2003 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Windows Server 2003 - Essay Example They need to know and understand the benefit of upgrading to Windows Server 2003 so they can make the right decision. A company with an already stable system perhaps would wonder why I should upgrade my system when it seems fine and sufficient. Some will also probably ask why I should spend some more when I already have what we want. What's new What is the benefit Shall I gain from it Microsoft Windows Server 2003 for the comprehension of a typical user is simply an enhancement to Microsoft's previous server products such as NT 4.0 and Windows Server 2000. However, this latest operating system contains over 340 (Eurodata, 2004) improvements for Windows 2000 Server and the capability to handle different server functions that can significantly increase productivity and security that will give businesses added benefits. Similar to its predecessor, Server 2003 was built in the same tradition of strengths, superiority, and cost effectiveness to sustain business growth. In the real world, business are constantly changing, expanding, and seeking new ways to improve and support the demands of their organization. Growing organizations that are heavily relying on their computer network are looking for flexible and scalable systems that can greatly reduce their operating and administration cost. In addition, to ensure greater success, an organization wants real value on the ir investment and demand greater reliability and innovative functionalities with their server operating systems. Microsoft is much aware of these necessities and since the released of Windows 2000 Server substantially reviewed and studies all possible bugs and weak points to produce a much better operating system. According to Microsoft's Server 2003 White Paper (Microsoft, 2002), this operating systems provides various utilities, services, and features that could convince users to upgrade. One of the enticing new features of Server 2003 aside from being stable is its integrated platform that can be easily deploy and manage without security implications. This is to a certain extent viable considering the real world situation of company networks where combinations of Intranets and Internet are being used and continually being stretched to satisfy the organizations growing requirements. When an operating system is stable, it means more uptime and secured. This is exactly what Microsoft wants to sell; a fast, reliable, and secured platform with advanced connectivity that can provide a company gre ater competitive advantage in global marketplace (Eurodata, 2004). Improved Reliability, Windows Server 2003 provides device driver's resiliency that prevents defective drivers (that are known to be incompatible) that could unfavorably harm the server and holdup the company's operation. Furthermore, similar to XP, the Server 2003 is capable of device rollbacks (Ivens, 2003), restoration of last known good configuration, file protection, and application compatibility options. These features will ensure more uptime for the company network eliminating the possibility of system shutdown due to maintenance and restoration works (Microsoft, 2002). Improved Availability further fortifies network operational stability by

Analysis of the market position of Ikea

Analysis of the market position of Ikea Introduction Every industry tries to use an unparalleled, efficient, and effective business strategy that will allow them to remain at a progressive position in the competitive market, especially in the global market. With respect to this, the aim of this report is to present a position analysis for the furniture company IKEA. The position analysis will apply a pestle analysis, capabilities analysis, resource based view analysis, swot analysis and porters five forces along with IKEAs strategic issues and solutions to these issues. Company Overview IKEA was established in Sweden over 50 years ago back in 1943. Its founder Ingvar Kamprad still plays an important role in the company affairs today. IKEA is certainly one of the top furniture retailers in the world. Its core aspects are affordably, functionality and quality. Since their commencement, IKEA has persistently developed as a company throughout the years and are currently seen as a distinguished successful worldwide business entity in the furniture industry today. In 2010, IKEA opened 12 new stores in 7 countries which presently give them an overall record of 318 stores in over 38 countries. IKEA has certainly met their strategic goals by executing diverse strategic marketing tools that has made them the success that they are. Methodology IKEAs SWOT Analysis In this report, the analysis of the present situation of IKEA will be carried out by using different marketing tools.  With this, IKEA will be examined via the use of SWOT Analysis. The basis of external and internal analysis is to construe factors that can affect the said business to situate itself to take advantage of opportunities, and manage threats discovered via an analysis of external environments. Particularly, it also aids in spotting present weaknesses and strengths that may affect the organizations capabilities. Strengths (Internal factors) A strong worldwide brand that attracts key consumer groups. A Clear Vision to create a better everyday life for many people A strong concept. IKEA offers a wide range of well-designed products at a price, everyone can afford. Good product image. IKEA has an ideal balance between function, quality, design and price Weaknesses (Internal factors) Large global business. This makes quality control difficult to control and it signifies a weak link in the chain of supply. The necessity of low cost products. Although products are at a low price, consumers still need to feel that they are getting value for their money. Cultural differences. diversified markets Japan, China and the USA Restricted manufacturing  capabilities. IKEA relies on subcontracted manufacturers. Opportunities (External factors) An increased demand for low cost merchandise. Due to trends in the present financial state of the global economy, consumers opt for less expensive goods rather than shopping at expensive stores. The rapidly emergent Asian countries with wealthy middle-class population represent opportunities to enter and market the concept of affordable modern furniture to fit a particular lifestyle. Opportunity to enhance levels of customer service through E- Commerce as the added business capability. Threats (External factors) Social trends decelerate amount of first time buyers coming into the housing market. Market forces more competitors entering the low price household and furnishings markets. Imitated Concept -Within growing competitive retail markets mainstream retailers are beginning to mirror the model Economic factors the global financial crisis reduced disposable income and customer spending. We can see this from the table below. IKEAs turnover was the same in 2009 as it was in 2008. Source: www.ikea.com (2010) Porters Five Forces Market Entry Seeing that IKEA has such a unique concept and brand name it will be difficult to copy the IKEA way. However, another furniture company can enter the furniture industry with a low- cost strategy inclusive of home delivery, opposing to IKEA non-home delivery method. IKEAs stores are not very much located in small towns with small outlets so this is an opportunity for new competitors to enter small towns with another low cost strategy with smaller outlets. This may attract a new sector of consumers. Supplier Power According to IKEAs welcome inside yearly summary , IKEA had 1,074 suppliers in 55 countries in 2010 Most of the suppliers operate in the IKEA group and compete with other suppliers, and they have a modest bargaining power. Because of low pricing, IKEAs profit margin also affects the prices in raw materials than by prices in labour. The bargaining power of a supplier could be a threat for the profit of the company, and both IKEA is very much aware of it.   In light of this IKEA endeavours to maintain good relationships with its suppliers, in this IKEA ensure that the IKEA group benefits in the said contract while suppliers benefit from the mutual agreement. Competitive Rivalry IKEA is comfortable with its competitive position, and also trying to maintain its competitive edge among rivals. IKEA operates in a extremely competitive industry, characterized by other low priced furniture producers such as Galiform of England and retailers such as Wal-Mart of the United States. Internally, the group has seen differences of opinion regarding product offerings and positioning. Because of powerful global competition, IKEA has intelligently attempted to compete by entering the markets which typically pose the largest competition, such as China and Japan. power of the buyers Americans-the primary consumer base for IKEAs debut in the American Market. The most likely IKEA shopper are those sort of people who travel abroad, like taking risks, enjoy fine food and wine, have a frequent flier plan, and are early adopters of trendy consumer technologies such as Discmans, laptops, and cell phones (Lyne, 2009). IKEAs management ensures that their customers will be satisfied in all ways with the quality of service that they supply. Particularly, the company has focused their marketing approach on the demands and needs of the buyer for household furniture as well as food service sources that satisfies them, and heavily positioned their products in this segment. Threats of substitutes There is no particular furniture substitute however IKEA has to keep up with the latest trends and advances so that their quality furniture does not go out of style and become irrelevant. Wal-mart, Target, Office Depot and other low-cost suppliers are indirect competitors in the fact they do offer low-priced furniture that consumers pull together themselves. Conversely, these indirect substitutes vary in detail because these are general retailers instead of being a specific retailer as IKEA is a retailer of household furniture. PESTEL Analysis Political As part of the national or global trends and changes, IKEA is just one example of firms that are successful in both domestic and international business . The Swedish furniture retailer has found the Scandinavian style of furniture that was combined with do-it-youself flat packaging became popular and set a global cult brand . Economic The Company, due to the economic changes and trends are adopting different kind of strategies that will take an appeal on their customers and aiming to own the customer loyalty . Economically, IKEA is low cost. This is a big piece of breaking into the American market. IKEA had to focus and advertising campaign directed specifically to thwart Americans unwillingness to part with their styling of furniture. Social The IKEA contributed much in the society as they provide opportunities in people and the employees are entitled in different benefits such as insurance and pensions ( 2005). Moreover, the company promises to provide more high quality furniture that sticks to their original concept stylish furniture at low prices. Technological IKEA uses superior technology and systems to encourage shorter waiting times, accurate scheduling, tracking and trading patterns, and staffing. The system made the IKEA in a position to ensure the right number of staff in a right place and in a right time to match the unique trading pattern s at each stores of IKEA. The company view in optimizing everything from the supply chain is also optimizing and managing the workforce to create an efficient store environment and keep customers happy . Environmental Concerning the environmental factors such as the air, noise, and water, inspections are put in place to ensure the company provides remedial actions within a stipulated time. The environmental inspection consists of legal documents and environmental authorities as the business operations are continuing. Legal The legal compliance of IKEA is sternly implemented with pertinent laws and regulations that affect to the environment, social and working conditions. The company also scheduled the most demanding requirements to be specific in maintaining the list of laws and regulations and with the procedures. Analyzing IKEAs Capability Based on the given synopsis of the IKEA Company it is recognized that IKEA exerts a strategic approach in order to maintain their competitive edge in the furniture industry. The management of the company is able to identify the priorities of the business and make decisions in line with the strategic direction, by placing considerations of the business and its stakeholders. IKEA is competent as it focuses on the significance of both internal and external customers to guarantee that these customers remain satisfied and loyal.   The company also ensures that they motivate, coach, guide, and support their staff to realise the mission of the IKEA. Additionally, IKEAs capability to identify its suppliers is another factor that maintains the companys competitive advantage. The ability of management to differentiate and diversify their business strategy to dominate the global market can also be considered as major capabilities of IKEA Resource Based View Analysis IKEA selects the most feasible position when it comes to delivery of items. Their warehouse is smartly located with different sectors to have greater control of activities. This strategy analyses the deployment of resources, processing time and queue times for various actions. IKEAs staff is rotated in order to complete customers orders from each picking area. Resources are simulated at higher levels and are applied and detailed in applicable working schedules. Stakeholders Analysis Other than what is already known about IKEA, it is observed that besides the management of the business, IKEAs customers play an important role in the accomplishment of the organizational goals. The management skills and capabilities of the pioneers of the company have propelled IKEA into being a powerful entity in the furniture industry today. Furthermore, the loyalty of its customers has also greatly assisted IKEA in maintaining its competitive edge. Customers and workforce entities go hand in hand, as IKEAs employees are the ones who work effortlessly ensuring that the company satisfies the demands of its customers. Therefore, when customers are satisfied, as they get value for their money with IKEA, they will remain loyal and hence build IKEAs value chain. The suppliers and stakeholder s can be considered an additional factor that made IKEA the success they are at present. IKEAs Strategic Issues and Challenges Competition The IKEAs furniture competitors offers different styles and functionality. Conrin targets a new low cost in terms of furniture line; Cratel Barrel offers a furniture in a box which is subject in higher prices; Ethan Allen aimed at a more upscale market; Wal-Mart is equipped in a big box furniture that is categorized under the general store must-have-items, but dont have much of a style. IKEA is the most successful in delivering the complete package for the customers that reflects on weak rivalries.   Natural Resources IKEA is the biggest furnishing company world wide, so it needs al lot of wood. This implicates, that there are confrontations with nature protecting organisations. The IKEA Concept The IKEA concept is easy to take up. Companies like Bush Industries in the USA have taken over the concept of cheap furniture, but they adopted their products to the American habits. Reaching Limited Customers The fundamental problem which IKEA is currently facing is that they are only reaching a limited amount of customers due to their few store locations. Event that founder retires or dies Major challenge to keep the core values alive especially when the company becomes larger and more diverse and the founder retires from the business. Catalogue Distribution IKEA want to increase the return on investment for the catalogue distribution, which is a substantial investment, and remain ahead of the competition in terms of business strategy Solutions to IKEAs constraints Catalouge IKEA needs to make sure than they distribute their catalogues who can be potential IKEA customers in terms of where they are located and ther demographic attributes. IKEA can also sell its catalogue at a low price to help generate some revenue as its catalogue is its biggest marketing mechanism. Low price The company must ensure that it is always known for having the lowest prices on the market in the future. Communication plays an important role here. IKEA must main its low cost leadership by using the low cost leadership strategy. Market forces IKEA is large enough to enjoy economies of scale. This lowers average costs in the end through, for instance, better use of technology or outsoucing specialized managers. Economies of scale also gives a business a competitive edge if cost savings are then passed on to customers in the form of lower prices. This puts up high barriers to entry for smaller companies entering the market. Communications. IKEA needs to maintain communication with its consumers and other stakeholders about its environmental actions. Store Locations. IKEA needs to strategically place its outlets where it has never been before. IKEA usually has large outlets in large cities. However, a tactical approach will be to launch smaller outlets in smaller towns. This will attract a new sector of customers hence increasing IKEAs profitably in the furniture industry. A new organizational structure will be necessary because of moving the organization from a global perspective towards a transnational perspective. Where the global organization is designed as to increase production efficiencies using global economies of scale and scope concepts, the transnational organization combines efficiency, local responsiveness and organizational learning. In order to assist the transition process towards such an organization, the IKEA group has to drastically transform its approach on the function of its subsidiaries. At present, IKEAs subsidiaries are barely no more than expansions of the business head office in Sweden. The responsibility of the subsidiaries is not to sway parent company strategies, but moderately follow instructions from home country Sweden. High localization pressures emerging due to demographic and cultural differences will compel subsidiaries to take strategic initiatives to act in response to local market requirements. The new organization would be easier to follow and pass on more accountability to subsidiaries. The centralized research and development department would have form strategic in-house networks with these subsidiaries and, in a mutual approach, develop products that are adopted to match country level requirements. Strategic corporate direction has to be maintained, since there is a need to safeguard its market niche. The changes projected in the organizational structure will have promising impacts on the company culture, which is currently founded on the IKEA concept or the IKEA way. A reduced amount of management from Sweden will trigger the incursion of new principles, values, and measures into the IKEA way. This will boost the intricacy of the operational culture, but will improve decision-making based on a spot on international dimension. CONCLUSION To conclude, with this position analysis, appropriate evaluation has been considered using different marketing tools, which lead to the determination of the present position of the IKEA Company.   This analysis has revealed which parts of the IKEA business entity that requires development and altering in order to maintain the competitive edge. The IKEA strategy is unique but it works, as IKEA is a leader in the global market. IKEA places its focus on further profit creation and growth and development. It can be said that based on the given case, IKEA strategy is something which is different but effective to achieve their goal of dominating the global market. Giving value to their stakeholders is one of the vital approaches that the company had used. In addition, their ability to innovate and diversify their products has also been identified as part of the strategy of IKEA. In addition, because of the competitive situation of the company, there is a strong barrier to entry for a new household furniture as well as food market that would compete with IKEA.   As the company is competing in both local and large-scale market environment, IKEAs feasibility is to achieve more customers from altered areas of the world and to provide each customers quality and resourceful household furniture products and will satisfy their needs while enjoying reasonable and reasonable prices.   The company is looking forward to give the customers more from what they are expecting via technological innovations.  In addition, the strategy of the company also includes their ability to adapt to the changing needs and demands of their target market even in different parts of the world. IKEA is in a favourable position to carryon operations in the years ahead. Bibliography De Wit, Bob and Meyer, Ron (2005) Strategy Synthesis. Second edition. London: Thomson Learning. Print ISBN 1 86152 965 1. Johnson, Gerry; Scholes, Kevan; and Whittington, Richard (2005) Exploring Corporate Strategy. 7th edition. Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education. Print ISBN 0 273 68734 4. Available through Voyager (UH LIS main catalogue) as an electronic resource. Mintzberg, Henry; Ahlstrand, Bruce; and Lampel, Joseph (1998) Strategy Safari: The Complete Guide Through the Wilds of Strategic Management. Harlow, Essex: Pearson Education. Print ISBN 0 273 65636 8. Porter, Michael E (1979) How Competitive Forces Shape Strategy. Harvard Business Review, March/ April, Volume 57, Issue 2. Available through UH LIS electronic journals (Business Source Complete). IKEA Sustainability Report for Fiscal Year 2009 and Fiscal Year 2010. Welcome Inside

Dead Man Walking Essays -- essays research papers

DEAD MAN WALKING   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dead Man Walking is a great book that deals with one of our nations most controversial issues: capital punishment. The books narrator, Sister Helen Prejean, discusses her personal views on capital punishment. She was a spiritual advisor and friend to two death row inmates; Elmo Patrick Sonnier and Robert Lee Willie. From her experiences, she developed views on the death penalty. She believed it was morally wrong and spoke openly about it. Sister Helen successfully defends her views on capital punishment while stating that capital punishment should be illegal. Her experiences have taught her that although these criminals were dangerous and deadly, and that their crimes were inexcusable, a death sentence should not be the answer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe Sister Helen’s success in dealing with the issue of capital punishment falls on the two cases for which she was a spiritual advisor. In these cases, Sister Helen always tried her best to grant stays of execution or a court appeal. She fought for what she believed in and tried her best to abolish the death penalty. Sister in no way condemned what these killers had done, but tried her best to comfort them in their time of loneliness, sorrow, and need.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sister Helen’s first case, Patrick Sonnier, better influenced my opinion on capital punishment. Her strategies in dealing with a convicted killer were brave and courageous. She was always willing to meet with Patrick and to talk about anything he liked. She helped him to realize his mistake, but more importantly, helped him to become a better person. She was always reminding Pat that God had the power of forgiveness, and that if he were truly sorry, God would forgive him. Sister Helen’s best arguments were the details she spoke about prior to Sonnier’s death. When Sister Helen spoke about Pat’s legal defense, it made a big impact on me as a reader. She persuaded me to look at things from two angles, instead of just one. As a reader, I was upset with the comparison between Pat’s sentence and his brother’s sentence. How could two brothers who conspired in the murder together receive two different sentences: Pat receiving a death s entence, while Pat’s brother Eddie receiving a lesser charge in a ... ...sing something. Sister was missing the dreadful feeling of a loved one brutally murdered at the hands of a killer. Who is to say that people can not change their minds about capital punishment? As of now, I am opposed to the death penalty. If someone killed a person I loved or cared about deeply, and they faced a death sentence, I would really have to consider my views again. This just shows that you should never be truly positive on your views about capital punishment until you have had the opportunity of experiencing a loss by the hands of a killer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe Sister Helen was extremely successful in describing her oppositions towards capital punishment. Her experiences as a spiritual advisor to two death row inmates gave her knowledge about capital punishment that was previously just foundation in her beliefs. Her methods of dealing with the arguments of capital punishment were honest and fair. She presented herself in a way that made you listen to everything she had to say about the death penalty. Her evidence and facts were thoroughly supported throughout the book. She also allowed the reader to decide on his or her own view of capital punishment. Dead Man Walking Essays -- essays research papers DEAD MAN WALKING   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Dead Man Walking is a great book that deals with one of our nations most controversial issues: capital punishment. The books narrator, Sister Helen Prejean, discusses her personal views on capital punishment. She was a spiritual advisor and friend to two death row inmates; Elmo Patrick Sonnier and Robert Lee Willie. From her experiences, she developed views on the death penalty. She believed it was morally wrong and spoke openly about it. Sister Helen successfully defends her views on capital punishment while stating that capital punishment should be illegal. Her experiences have taught her that although these criminals were dangerous and deadly, and that their crimes were inexcusable, a death sentence should not be the answer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe Sister Helen’s success in dealing with the issue of capital punishment falls on the two cases for which she was a spiritual advisor. In these cases, Sister Helen always tried her best to grant stays of execution or a court appeal. She fought for what she believed in and tried her best to abolish the death penalty. Sister in no way condemned what these killers had done, but tried her best to comfort them in their time of loneliness, sorrow, and need.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Sister Helen’s first case, Patrick Sonnier, better influenced my opinion on capital punishment. Her strategies in dealing with a convicted killer were brave and courageous. She was always willing to meet with Patrick and to talk about anything he liked. She helped him to realize his mistake, but more importantly, helped him to become a better person. She was always reminding Pat that God had the power of forgiveness, and that if he were truly sorry, God would forgive him. Sister Helen’s best arguments were the details she spoke about prior to Sonnier’s death. When Sister Helen spoke about Pat’s legal defense, it made a big impact on me as a reader. She persuaded me to look at things from two angles, instead of just one. As a reader, I was upset with the comparison between Pat’s sentence and his brother’s sentence. How could two brothers who conspired in the murder together receive two different sentences: Pat receiving a death s entence, while Pat’s brother Eddie receiving a lesser charge in a ... ...sing something. Sister was missing the dreadful feeling of a loved one brutally murdered at the hands of a killer. Who is to say that people can not change their minds about capital punishment? As of now, I am opposed to the death penalty. If someone killed a person I loved or cared about deeply, and they faced a death sentence, I would really have to consider my views again. This just shows that you should never be truly positive on your views about capital punishment until you have had the opportunity of experiencing a loss by the hands of a killer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I believe Sister Helen was extremely successful in describing her oppositions towards capital punishment. Her experiences as a spiritual advisor to two death row inmates gave her knowledge about capital punishment that was previously just foundation in her beliefs. Her methods of dealing with the arguments of capital punishment were honest and fair. She presented herself in a way that made you listen to everything she had to say about the death penalty. Her evidence and facts were thoroughly supported throughout the book. She also allowed the reader to decide on his or her own view of capital punishment.

Reaction on stress management seminar Essay

Stress Management Workshop spearheaded by the Third Year Psychology Majors and their adviser Prof. Aminoding B. Limpao was successfully been carried out last March 03, 2013. The 4-hours activity from 8am-12noon were offered to students like me who are taking up the subject Psychology as part of our Course. The objective of the said activity focuses on what’s, where’s, when’s and how’s of the main topic which is â€Å"STRESS† itself. The workshop is about the nature and definition of stress; from where can we acquire it; the duration and when will it occur; and the possible interventions and coping activities that will enable us to manage it. These subtopics were presented to us. Before I went to the venue that day, I was preoccupied with the idea about how the activity would go. Lots of questions were formulated inside my head as of that moment. I don’t know exactly what to expect and what to look forward to. But there are just few things I am sure of, the learning and the knowledge that I will be able to acquire after adds interest in me. I am but a student who crave for knowledge and who search for information which will have a relevant impact into my life in the field of academe and also in my everyday living. Just the thought of positive and informative activity in which I can get something out of it gives vigor and motivation for me to really attend and discover how beneficial it could be to me. Since I have never been into such a Seminar Workshop involving Stress Management and its related topics, I choose to attend willingly aside from the compliance of this requirement. Together with my MSUan co-participants we were welcomed with the comfortable ambiance of the facilitating council with enthusiasm. I was amazed by the number of students willing to learn and sort out how such an activity will help us. I saw familiar faces but most of them were new to my eyes. Having no idea about the process of the workshop puts a little tinge of nervousness that grappled me. However, that strange feeling wear off as the opening of the workshop started. They facilitate ice-breakers and games so as to make us feel comfortable on them, the facilitators. They were very friendly and accommodating making us participant at ease in their hands. We were divided into groups composing 8-10 members. Each of the groups was isolated in a classroom and there the proper session was held. Inside the classrooms we did series of unexpected activities. I like the way they conduct the whole session because it’s not a spoon-feeding type of lecture but a two-way process wherein interaction is there. The facilitators let us discover and evaluate ourselves through asking us questions that aids our learning. These are my summation and learning drawn from the activity in which the questions and objectives presented has been answered. I learned that stress is considered as expected or unexpected constraining force, influence, conditions and the like. These stimuli are stressors which trigger a response from an individual and have relative effect from one person to the other. Stress is a two-faced event that is either negative or positive. They are characterized because of the nature of the cause whether it is from anxiety and pressures that result into a negative effect or it from strivings and challenges that motivate an individual resulting into a positive outcome. With the statements on the latter I can say that stress doesn’t only bring about negativities into our very lives but it also motivate us and compel us to become productive. If we don’t recognized the stressors around us and felt stressed out, probably we will not be able to accomplish tasks which are handed before us. Without stress we will not be able to strive in order to attain or finish something. We get stress for some factors, external or internal factors. External factors are the environment, the people we get in touched with, the activities we are facing every day, the conditions we are into. Internal factors may be classified into the mind setting that we have and the reactions we initiate upon subjected into a stressful situations. Sometimes it’s not always that other people or things are the very reason why we are stressed at times we create our own stress. Stress is everywhere, from the very day that we are born to the very last breath that we take in life. Therefore, we cannot really predict when this stressor will come to visit us. It is proper that we prepare ourselves anytime because during stressful situations our body reacts with it affecting the physical, emotional, cognitive and behavioral aspects of an individual that brings about change to the normal functioning. All of these aspects are interconnected with each other. We cannot really eradicate totally stress but at least we do steps which will lessen our vulnerability to it and to avoid oneself be controlled by this stress. With these, in order to cope up with this and to get back on track is to gain  control over one’s life. We do things which will lessen the baggage that we are bringing through the following activities: diversional activities, finding company to be with, sleep, eat, watching movies, self-isolation and others. But for me the very useful way to manage stress is to identify it, reflect for positive mind-setting, plan acts that will compensate with it, do this acts for the betterment of one self and everything else will follow later on that will finally lead to stress managing and stress relief. I also learned that there are also techniques on how to manage stress by doing massage, nine-joint exercises, relaxation techniques like deep breathing and others. Human as we are, we are created differently from one another. A stress for one may not be a stress for the other. An intervention or coping mechanism against stress by certain may consider by another as an additional stressors. Therefore, we must try to manage ourselves and recognize clearly our individual limits. The Stress Management Workshop, I may say, was a success. We learned a lot and at the same time we enjoyed the routines and sessions they conducted to us. Knowledge was acquired and rest assured this knowledge will be shared to others, be used in my daily living especially when I’m under a stressful situation.

Almorzar Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, Examples

Conjugation in Spanish, Translation, Examples Unlike English, in Spanish we have a single verb that means to eat lunch or to have lunch- the verb . When conjugating  , remember that it is a stem-changing  -ar  verb. This means that when you conjugate it, sometimes there is a change in the stem of the verb (and not just in the ending). In this case, the  o  in  Ã‚  changes to  ue  in some conjugations. For example,  Ella siempre almuerza pasta  (She always eats  pasta for lunch). The tables below contain the conjugations for  Ã‚  in the indicative mood (present, past and future), subjunctive mood (present and past) as well as the imperative mood and other verb forms, such as the present and past participles. Present Indicative In the present indicative tense, there is a stem change, o to ue, in all of the conjugations except  nosotros  and  vosotros.   Yo almuerzo I eat lunch Yo almuerzo a medioda. T almuerzas You eat lunch T almuerzas en el trabajo. Usted/l/ella almuerza You/he/she eats lunch Ella almuerza en la escuela. Nosotros almorzamos We eat lunch Nosotros almorzamos con nuestros amigos. Vosotros almorzis You eat lunch Vosotros almorzis temprano. Ustedes/ellos/ellas almuerzan You/they eat lunch Ellos almuerzan una ensalada. Preterite  Indicative Remember that there are two forms of the past tense in Spanish. The preterit tense is normally used to talk about punctual events or events that have a defined ending in the past. There are no stem changes in the preterite indicative conjugations. Yo almorc I ate lunch Yo almorc a medioda. T almorzaste You ate lunch T almorzaste en el trabajo. Usted/l/ella almorz You/he/she ate lunch Ella almorz en la escuela. Nosotros almorzamos We ate lunch Nosotros almorzamos con nuestros amigos. Vosotros almorzasteis You ate lunch Vosotros almorzasteis temprano. Ustedes/ellos/ellas on You/they ate lunch Ellos on una ensalada. Imperfect  Indicative The imperfect tense is commonly used to talk about ongoing events in the past, and can be translated to English as was eating lunch or used to eat lunch. There are no stem changes in the imperfect indicative conjugations either.   Yo almorzaba I used to eat lunch Yo almorzaba a medioda. T almorzabas You used to eat lunch T almorzabas en el trabajo. Usted/l/ella almorzaba You/he/she used to eat lunch Ella almorzaba en la escuela. Nosotros almorzbamos We used to eat lunch Nosotros almorzbamos con nuestros amigos. Vosotros almorzabais You used to eat lunch Vosotros almorzabais temprano. Ustedes/ellos/ellas almorzaban You/they used to eat lunch Ellos almorzaban una ensalada. Future  Indicative To form the future tense, we use the infinitive of the verb,  ,  drop the -ar, and add the future tense endings (à ©, s, n, emos, à ©is, n). There are no stem changes in the future tense. Yo I will eat lunch Yo a medioda. T s You will eat lunch T s en el trabajo. Usted/l/ella n You/he/she will eat lunch Ella en la escuela. Nosotros emos We will eat lunch Nosotros emos con nuestros amigos. Vosotros is You will eat lunch Vosotros is temprano. Ustedes/ellos/ellas n You/they will eat lunch Ellos n una ensalada. Periphrastic Future  Indicative Yo voy a I am going to eat lunch Yo voy a a medioda. T vas a You are going to eat lunch T vas a en el trabajo. Usted/l/ella va a You/he/she is going to eat lunch Ella va a en la escuela. Nosotros vamos a We are going to eat lunch Nosotros vamos a con nuestros amigos. Vosotros vais a You are going to eat lunch Vosotros vais a temprano. Ustedes/ellos/ellas van a You/they are going to eat lunch Ellos van a una ensalada. Conditional  Indicative The conditional is formed similarly to the future tense, since we start with the infinitive form  . However, the conditional endings are à ­a, à ­as, à ­a, à ­amos, à ­ais, and à ­an. Yo a I would eat lunch Yo a a medioda. T as You would eat lunch T as en el trabajo. Usted/l/ella a You/he/she would eat lunch Ella a en la escuela. Nosotros amos We would eat lunch Nosotros amos con nuestros amigos. Vosotros ais You would eat lunch Vosotros ais temprano. Ustedes/ellos/ellas an You/they would eat lunch Ellos an una ensalada. Present Progressive/Gerund Form The progressive tenses in Spanish are formed using the verb  estar  followed by the present participle, which is also the gerund. For -ar verbs, drop the -ar and add the ending  -ando.   Present Progressive of    est almorzando   She is eating lunch   Ella est almorzando en el restaurante.   Past Participle The past participle in Spanish is used to form compound verb tenses. For -ar verbs, the past participle is formed by dropping the -ar and adding the ending  ando. Present Perfect of  Ã‚   ha almorzado   She has eaten lunch   Ella ha almorzado en el restaurante.  Ã‚   Present Subjunctive Similar to the present indicative tense, the present subjunctive tense has the stem change  o to ue in all the  conjugations except nosotros and vosotros. Que yo almuerce That I eat lunch Esteban desea que yo almuerce a medioda. Que t almuerces That you eat lunch Marta desea que t almuerces en el trabajo. Que usted/l/ella almuerce That you/he/she eat lunch Carlos desea que ella almuerce en la escuela. Que nosotros almorcemos That we eat lunch Flavia desea que nosotros almorcemos con nuestros amigos. Que vosotros almorcis That you eat lunch Felipe desea que vosotros almorcis temprano. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas almuercen That you/they eat lunch Laura desea que ellos almuercen una ensalada. Imperfect  Subjunctive The base for conjugating the imperfect subjunctive is the third person plural form of the verb in the preterite indicative (on). Since there is no stem change in the preterite form, then the imperfect subjunctive has no stem change. There are two different sets of endings for conjugating the imperfect subjunctive, which you can see in the tables below.   Option 1 Que yo a That I ate lunch Esteban deseaba que yo a a medioda. Que t as That you ate lunch Marta deseaba que t as en el trabajo. Que usted/l/ella a That you/he/she ate lunch Carlos deseaba que ella a en la escuela. Que nosotros almorzramos That we ate lunch Flavia deseaba que nosotros almorzramos con nuestros amigos. Que vosotros ais That you ate lunch Felipe deseaba que vosotros ais temprano. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas an That you/they ate lunch Laura deseaba que ellos an una ensalada. Option 2 Que yo almorzase That I ate lunch Esteban deseaba que yo almorzase a medioda. Que t almorzases That you ate lunch Marta deseaba que t almorzases en el trabajo. Que usted/l/ella almorzase That you/he/she ate lunch Carlos deseaba que ella almorzase en la escuela. Que nosotros almorzsemos That we ate lunch Flavia deseaba que nosotros almorzsemos con nuestros amigos. Que vosotros almorzaseis That you ate lunch Felipe deseaba que vosotros almorzaseis temprano. Que ustedes/ellos/ellas almorzasen That you/they ate lunch Laura deseaba que ellos almorzasen una ensalada. Imperative   The imperative mood is used to give direct commands. Therefore, there are no imperative forms for yo, à ©l/ella  or ellos/ellas.  Also, note that the positive and negative commands are different for the tà º and vosotros  forms. Positive Commands T almuerza Eat lunch! Almuerza a medioda! Usted almuerce Eat lunch! Almuerce en el trabajo! Nosotros almorcemos Lets eat lunch! Almorcemos en la escuela! Vosotros almorzad Eat lunch! Almorzad temprano! Ustedes almuercen Eat lunch! Almuercen una ensalada! Negative Commands T no almuerces Dont eat lunch! No almuerces a medioda! Usted no almuerce Dont eat lunch! No almuerce en el trabajo! Nosotros no almorcemos Lets not eat lunch! No almorcemos en la escuela! Vosotros no almorcis Dont eat lunch! No almorcis temprano! Ustedes no almuercen Dont eat lunch! No almuercen una ensalada!

Physics Lost Insulation Essays

Physics Lost Insulation Essays Physics Lost Insulation Essay Physics Lost Insulation Essay Essay Topic: Sula Why loft insulation is needed? Loft insulation is the most cost-effective energy efficiency measure that can be installed. It can reduce heating costs up to 20%. The purpose of them is to hold the heat below within the property, reducing heat loss to the roof void and outside but also reducing the amount of heating needed to maintain the property at an ideal temperature. With insulation, the property will be warmer, more comfortable and it will cost less to heat. How loft insulation reduces heat loss? Heat will always flow from a warm area to a cold one. The colder it is outside, the faster heat from your home will escape into surrounding air. Glass fibre is laid across the loft to reduce heat transfer out of the roof. Glass fibre traps air and trapped air is a poor conductor therefore reduces heat transfer from the ceiling to the loft by convection and conduction. How the thicknesses of the loft insulation affect heat loss? As you increase the level of insulation in the loft, it will slow the rate of heat loss and maintain the comfortable temperature for longer. Installing 290mm thick insulation can save up to approximately 20%, compared to thin insulation which is only 14% The pay back time is long term Generally, loft insulation cuts loft’s u value rom around 2. 3 (for an uninsulated loft) to 0. 16 W/m2K, a reduction of around 95%. A more specific example is sheep wool. It shows for sheep wool over 140mm, it has a U value of 0. 16 compared to over 250mm, it has a U value of 0. 11 showing how thickness can affect heat loss greatly.

Gram-Positive and Acid-Fast Bacteria Coursework

Gram-Positive and Acid-Fast Bacteria - Coursework Example Name and describe the stages of bacterial growth. How would you keep a culture in the stationary phase?Lag phase- at this stage the bacteria gets to adopt them to the growth condition. They undergo maturation, but they are not capable of dividing.Log phase- the phase if characterized by cell multiplication. Normally, the number of new bacteria per unit time is proportional to the current population. The stationary phase is premised on growth inhibiting factors.Stationary phase- It is the stage where growth rate is proportional to the death rate.Death phase- It is the stage where the bacteria finally die due to adverse living conditions that are brought about by the limiting factors.A culture can be kept in the stationary phase by invoking growth inhibiting factors such as high/low temperatures as well as limiting the amount of nutrients available for the bacteria.4. Describe the different sterilization techniques and know when to use each type. (For example, when would you use an aut oclave, gas, etc.?)Steam autoclave- it combines moisture and high temperatures to kill microorganisms. The technique utilizes temperature ranging from 121-148 degrees Celsius at a pressure of 15 P.S.I. Typically, the sterilization period is dependent on the load and temperature but can vary from ten minutes to one hour. It is used for surgical equipment.Chemical sterilization- The method utilized chemical agents that have the ability to kill microorganism for instance ethylene oxide gas. It is a low-temperature sterilization process.

The Right to Water as a Human Right Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

The Right to Water as a Human Right - Essay Example The question of this essay is â€Å"Should the right to clean water be considered a universal human right? I will discuss on the traditions that provide access to water, pollution of water, as well as the issue of privatization of water. This essay is divided into three sections. The first section addresses the issue of key definitions that relate to the human right to water. In this section, I will also look at the impacts that denial to the right to water can cause as well as the advantages that could arise if water was made an international human right. The second sessions will focus on why I think that making the right to accessibility of safe water a human right would reduce several challenges facing different societies as well as different regions of the world. The third and last section will make a conclusion on the issue of water right as a human right (Hu, 2006). Water is a very crucial necessity for both human as well as other living organisms. The right to water is an iss ue that has being under discussion for a long time. The primary argument is on whether making the right to access safe water a human right would resolve the extreme water scarcity experienced by people in some regions of the world especially in the Middle East and North Africa particularly the Sahara region. A human right is a law that demands for equal allocation of the resources that are considered crucial for human existence. Water right is thus a water law that insists on suitable distribution of water to ensure that all people irrespective of their social, economic, or political status access safe, adequate, and affordable water (Hodgson, 2006). I will discuss several water rights. The rights include the riparian water rights, use-based water rights, as well as water rights on basis of water bodies’ tenure. Riparian right is water rights based on property ownership. Use- based water rights allots the water rights on the bases of laws of torts that demand that access to w ater on hierarchical foundation thus all people do not have equal rights to water. The other water right is based on ownership of water bodies for example in Finland where water bodies are privately owned. However, in Finland flowing water bodies cannot be owned privately which is similar to the Roman Water Law. Inability to access sufficient and clean water in some regions of the world can lead to poor people being deprived of water, even drinking water (Hu, 2006; (Scanlon, Cassar, & Nemes, 2004) Traditional Views on the Right to Water Right through history, different societies strive to make the right to access safe water a human right. Traditionally, the right of water was closely related to land ownership. The roman water law conferred the right to water based on the advantage of owning land near water resources. However, the Roman law was against private possession of running water, an aspect that was present in the European legal traditions. In 533-34 AD, the Institute of Just inian publications posited that water alongside air and wildlife was among the things that could not be owned privately by and individual (Bruns, Ringler, & Meinzen-Dick, 2005). River and water were public properties and only the government had the right to prohibit any person or group of persons from accessing the resource. However, seasonal water sources were considered privately owned by those owning